Analyzing the Role of Community and Individual Factors in LAMP Grant Funding: Identifying Diverse Barriers Across Clustered US Counties

FAS Food Systems Impact Fellowship Capstone Project, April 2024

Author

Elliot Hohn, Sr. Agricultural Data Scientist Impact Fellow

Introduction

Local Agriculture Market Program (LAMP)

The USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) administers a variety of grant programs aimed at strengthening local and regional food systems. The Local Agriculture Market Program (LAMP) is one such program that supports direct producer-to-consumer marketing, food enterprises, and value-added agricultural products. Established under the 2018 Farm Bill, LAMP fosters community collaboration and public-private partnerships to improve regional food economies, aiding in the development of business strategies and infrastructure for local food systems.

Promotional materials for LAMP. Image: USDA-AMS, 2024

Building community capital through food systems investment

Theory of Change

According to AMS, the main goals of the LAMP program include the following1:

  • Simplify the application processes and the reporting processes for the Program

  • Improve income and economic opportunities for producers and food businesses through job creation

  • Strengthen capacity and regional food system development through community collaboration and expansion of mid-tier value chains

Targeting / prioritizing funding

In 2021, AMS partnered with Florida A&M University and the University of Maryland Eastern Shore on a project focusing on the following goals2:

  1. Evaluate barriers to AMS grant opportunities for socially disadvantaged communities

  2. Invest in building trust and confidence between these communities and the USDA

  3. Take action to rectify inequalities in program access through targeted outreach, training, and technical assistance.

(something here about the history of discrimination in USDA programs, sowing mistrust among these communities, and potential hesitancy to partner with USDA on programs like LAMP.

Goal of this project

  • Analyze the data to see if there are relationships between community characteristics and likelihood of receiving LAMP funding

  • Generate actionable insights into improving LAMP grant targeting, identify

Caveats and such

  • Temporal component -

  • Does not include data on who applied, in addition to who was funded.

Best practices, current innovation, and policy proposals

(Identify and discuss successful program and policy models, emerging and innovative approaches, or other proposed interventions relevant to the issue area.)

Objectives of this research

Methods

(TBD)

Local Agriculture Market Program (LAMP)

The LAMP program’s main goals3 are:

  • Connect and cultivate regional food economies through public-private partnerships.

  • Support the development of business plans, feasibility studies, and strategies for value-added agricultural production and local and regional food system infrastructure.

  • Strengthen capacity and regional food system development through community collaboration and expansion of mid-tier value chains.

  • Improve income and economic opportunities for producers and food businesses through job creation; and

  • Simplify the application processes and the reporting processes for the Program.

The major grant programs within LAMP include the Local Food Promotion Program (LFPP), Regional Food Systems Partnership (RFSP), and the Farmers Market Promotion Program (FMPP).

Distribution of LAMP Grant funding across CONUS

Community characteristics

Participation in grant programs supporting investment in local food systems, such as LAMP, is influenced by a variety of socioeconomic and environmental factors that influence local needs, as well as local capacity to apply for grants and manage funded projects. Community wealth, which encompasses social capital, natural capital, financial capital, and a variety of other forms of wealth impacts the ability to engage and participate in such programs.4 Moreover, things like poverty and food insecurity rates have been shown to exacerbate vulnerabilities and influence accessibility and participation in programs.5 With food systems-focused programs such as LAMP, urbanization and proximity to agricultural land can influence market dynamics and food system connectivity.6

This report will assess the relationship of each of these community characteristics to the distribution of LAMP grants across the US.

Exploration of available data

As a first step, a variety of data sets were obtained, cleaned, and used for some general data exploration.

Indicators of community wealth

Exploratory map of community wealth data

Additional explanatory variables

Rural-Urban Continuum Classification
Exploratory map of additional explanatory variables

Community characteristics and LAMP funding

Plotting each variable against total LAMP award money received

Dimension reduction with PCA

Started with 44 variables, which were reduced to 10 using a principal components analysis.

Principal components

Cluster analysis

K-means clustering with 11 clusters of sizes 192, 153, 473, 272, 484, 215, 4, 273, 98, 521, 353

Cluster means:
   pc1_education   pc2_arts pc3_conservation1 pc4_farmland1 pc5_infrastructure
1    -0.77975687 -1.8963729        0.85106365    0.22199173         -0.2766479
2     0.43390870 -0.1410649        2.38317364   -0.24900338         -0.1378025
3    -0.35865790  0.2779473       -0.35158902   -0.32557618          0.2198680
4    -0.89371125  0.7185447       -0.28486708   -0.48063555         -0.7731811
5    -0.65210806  0.5847914        0.22457548    0.25077329          0.3939296
6     1.30592526  0.6933872       -0.05698063    0.09804129         -1.3682777
7     0.78365766  0.4296345        0.54811660  -13.89528328          3.7346197
8     0.07922114  0.4407363        0.47215080   -0.09492510         -0.1187648
9    -0.72619714 -0.7765926       -0.49089114    2.24564045         -0.6949171
10    0.23646561 -0.9764644       -0.90987579   -0.17431103          0.1582154
11    1.28643921  0.2534293        0.02939080    0.25493295          0.8135456
   pc6_farmland2 pc7_manufacturing pc8_conservation2 pc9_foodbev pc10_civics
1     0.57220492       -0.42760694         0.1487338   0.6030527 -0.25009746
2    -1.00471087       -0.01628192        -0.5274477  -1.0151297 -0.41784613
3    -0.60195239       -0.18993987        -0.6769675   0.7045211 -0.45153107
4    -0.09414592       -0.08980018         1.3276479  -0.3017477 -0.01125245
5     0.78367511        0.20671356        -0.2300430  -0.1478638  0.11672626
6     0.67250702       -0.84355366        -0.2671159   0.1825146  0.06408870
7    10.54169918       -3.70578914         1.2030427  -3.5259560 -0.47960426
8    -0.72426387        0.38378378        -0.1304277  -0.5300559  0.97685161
9     0.66895506       -0.15918315         0.7472693  -0.8492473  0.16853927
10   -0.27373380        0.14438741        -0.1548348  -0.2911652  0.10286244
11    0.17823166        0.36996556         0.6182149   0.6074320 -0.21688611

Clustering vector:
01001 01003 01005 01007 01009 01011 01013 01015 01017 01019 01021 01023 01025 
   11    11     4     5    11     4     5     8     4     3     5     4     5 
01027 01029 01031 01033 01035 01037 01039 01041 01043 01045 01047 01049 01051 
    8     3     5     8     4     5     5     5     5     5     4     5    11 
01053 01055 01057 01059 01061 01063 01065 01067 01069 01071 01073 01075 01077 
    5     8     8     5     5     4     4     5     5     3     6     3     5 
01079 01081 01083 01085 01087 01089 01091 01093 01095 01097 01099 01101 01103 
    5     5    11     4     4    11     4     3     5     6     4     6     5 
01105 01107 01109 01111 01113 01115 01117 01119 01121 01123 01125 01127 01129 
    4     5     5     5     4    11    11     4     8     8     6     3     5 
01131 01133 04001 04003 04005 04007 04009 04011 04012 04013 04015 04017 04019 
    4     3     4     8     2     2     5     2     5     6     3     4    11 
04021 04023 04025 04027 05001 05003 05005 05007 05009 05011 05013 05015 05017 
   11     2     2     5     4     5     8    11     8     5     7     5     4 
05019 05021 05023 05025 05027 05029 05031 05033 05035 05037 05039 05041 05043 
    5     3     5     5     5     5     5     5     4     4     5     4     5 
05045 05047 05049 05051 05053 05055 05057 05059 05061 05063 05065 05067 05069 
   11     5     5     8     5    10     5     5     5     5     5     5     4 
05071 05073 05075 05077 05079 05081 05083 05085 05087 05089 05091 05093 05095 
    8     5     3     4     5     5     5    11     5     5     4     4     4 
05097 05099 05101 05103 05105 05107 05109 05111 05113 05115 05117 05119 05121 
    2     5     3     4     3     4     5     4     8     8     5     6     3 
05123 05125 05127 05129 05131 05133 05135 05137 05139 05141 05143 05145 05147 
    4    11     2     3     5     5     3     8     5     5     5     5     4 
05149 06001 06005 06007 06009 06011 06013 06015 06017 06019 06021 06023 06025 
    5     6     8     8     2     8     6     8     2     8     8     2     8 
06027 06029 06031 06033 06035 06037 06039 06041 06043 06045 06047 06049 06051 
    8     4     4     8     8     6     8     6     2     2     4     2     2 
06053 06055 06057 06059 06061 06063 06065 06067 06069 06071 06073 06077 06079 
    8     2     2     6     2     2     8     6     8     8     6     6     8 
06081 06083 06085 06087 06089 06091 06093 06095 06097 06099 06101 06103 06105 
    6     8     6     6     8     2     2     6     8     8     4     8     2 
06107 06109 06111 06113 06115 08001 08003 08005 08007 08009 08011 08013 08015 
    8     2     8     6     8     6     4     6     2     9     4     2     2 
08017 08021 08023 08025 08027 08029 08033 08035 08037 08039 08041 08043 08045 
    9     2     4     4     2     2     2    11     2    11     8     8     2 
08047 08049 08051 08053 08055 08057 08059 08061 08063 08065 08067 08069 08071 
    2     2     2     2     4     2    11     9     9     2     2     2     4 
08073 08075 08077 08079 08081 08083 08085 08087 08089 08091 08093 08095 08097 
    9     9     8     2     8     2     8     9     4     2    11     9     2 
08099 08101 08103 08105 08107 08109 08113 08115 08117 08119 08121 08123 08125 
    9     4     8     2     2     2     2     1     2     2     9     9     9 
10001 10003 10005 12001 12003 12005 12007 12009 12011 12013 12015 12017 12019 
    4     6     6     6     8     8     8    11     6     5     8     8    11 
12021 12023 12027 12029 12031 12033 12035 12037 12039 12041 12043 12045 12047 
    8     8     4     4     6     8    11     8     4     5     5     8     4 
12049 12051 12053 12055 12057 12059 12061 12063 12065 12067 12069 12071 12073 
    5     5     8     4     6     8     8     5     4     5     8     8    11 
12075 12077 12079 12081 12083 12085 12086 12087 12089 12091 12093 12095 12097 
    4     5     4     8     8     8     6     8    11    11     8     6    11 
12099 12101 12103 12105 12107 12109 12111 12113 12115 12117 12119 12121 12123 
    6    11     8     8     4    11     8    11     8    11     8     8     4 
12125 12127 12129 12131 12133 13001 13003 13005 13007 13009 13011 13013 13015 
    4     8     8    11     4     8     5     5     4     4    11    11     8 
13017 13019 13021 13023 13025 13027 13029 13031 13033 13035 13037 13039 13043 
    4     3     6     4     3     4    11     5     4     8     4    11     5 
13045 13047 13049 13051 13055 13057 13059 13061 13063 13065 13067 13069 13071 
    5    11     5     6     3    11     6     4     5     4    11     4     5 
13073 13075 13077 13079 13081 13083 13085 13087 13091 13093 13095 13097 13099 
   11     8    11    11     4     3    11     4     5     4     4    11     4 
13101 13103 13105 13107 13109 13111 13113 13115 13117 13119 13121 13123 13125 
    5    11     8     5     5     2    11     8    11     5     6     5     8 
13127 13129 13131 13133 13135 13137 13139 13141 13143 13145 13147 13149 13151 
    8     8     4     8    11     8     5     4     3    11     8     8    11 
13153 13155 13157 13159 13161 13163 13165 13167 13169 13171 13173 13175 13177 
   11     4    11    11     5     8     4     5    11     5     5     4    11 
13179 13181 13183 13185 13187 13189 13191 13193 13195 13197 13199 13201 13205 
    4     5    11     8    11     8     4     4    11     4     4     4     4 
13207 13209 13211 13213 13215 13217 13219 13221 13223 13225 13227 13229 13231 
   11     5     5     3     6     8    11    11    11     4    11     8    11 
13233 13235 13237 13239 13241 13243 13245 13247 13249 13251 13253 13255 13257 
    5     5     8     5     2     4     6     5     5     4     4     4     8 
13259 13261 13263 13265 13267 13269 13271 13273 13275 13277 13279 13281 13283 
    4     4     4     4     4     5     4     4     4     6     5     2     5 
13285 13287 13289 13291 13293 13295 13297 13299 13301 13303 13305 13307 13309 
    8     4     5     8     8     3    11     8     4     4     8     5     5 
13311 13313 13315 13317 13319 13321 16001 16003 16005 16007 16009 16011 16013 
    8     8     4     8     8     4    11     2     6     8     8     8     2 
16015 16017 16019 16021 16023 16025 16027 16029 16031 16033 16035 16037 16039 
    2     2     8     2     3     2     8     8     8     8     2     2     8 
16041 16043 16045 16047 16049 16051 16053 16055 16057 16059 16061 16063 16065 
    8     2     8     8     2    11     8     8    11     2     1     8    11 
16067 16069 16071 16073 16075 16077 16079 16081 16083 16085 16087 17001 17003 
    8    10     8     5     8     9     2     8     8     2     8    10     4 
17005 17007 17009 17011 17013 17015 17017 17019 17021 17023 17025 17027 17029 
    3    10     9    10    11    10    10     6    10    10    10    10    10 
17031 17033 17035 17037 17039 17041 17043 17045 17047 17049 17051 17053 17055 
    6    10    10    11     3    10     6    10    10    10    10    10     3 
17057 17059 17061 17063 17065 17067 17069 17071 17073 17075 17077 17079 17081 
    3     3    10    11    10    10     3    11    10    10     6    10    10 
17083 17085 17087 17089 17091 17093 17095 17097 17099 17101 17103 17105 17107 
   11    10     4    11     4    11    10    11    10     3    10    10    10 
17109 17111 17113 17115 17117 17119 17121 17123 17125 17127 17129 17131 17133 
   11    11    11    10    10    10    10    10    10     4    11    10    11 
17135 17137 17139 17141 17143 17145 17147 17149 17151 17153 17155 17157 17159 
   10    10    10    10     6    10    11    10     8     4     3    10    10 
17161 17163 17165 17167 17169 17171 17173 17175 17177 17179 17181 17183 17185 
    6     4     4    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     4     4    10 
17187 17189 17191 17193 17195 17197 17199 17201 17203 18001 18003 18005 18007 
   10    10    10    10    10    11    10     4    11    10     6    10    10 
18009 18011 18013 18015 18017 18019 18021 18023 18025 18027 18029 18031 18033 
    3    11    11    10    10     3     3    10     3    10    11    10    10 
18035 18037 18039 18041 18043 18045 18047 18049 18051 18053 18055 18057 18059 
    3    10    10     3     3    10    11    10    10     3     3    11    11 
18061 18063 18065 18067 18069 18071 18073 18075 18077 18079 18081 18083 18085 
    3    11     3    10    10     3    10    10     3     3    11    10    10 
18087 18089 18091 18093 18095 18097 18099 18101 18103 18105 18107 18109 18111 
   10     4     6     3     3     6    10     3    10    11    10    11     3 
18113 18115 18117 18119 18121 18123 18125 18127 18129 18131 18133 18135 18137 
   10    11     3     3     3     3    10    11    10    10     3    10    10 
18139 18141 18143 18145 18147 18149 18151 18153 18155 18157 18159 18161 18163 
   10     6     3    10     3     3    10     3     3    11    10     3     6 
18165 18167 18169 18171 18173 18175 18177 18179 18181 18183 19001 19003 19005 
    3     3    10    10    11     3    10    10    10    10     1    10    10 
19007 19009 19011 19013 19015 19017 19019 19021 19023 19025 19027 19029 19031 
    3    10    10     6    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10 
19033 19035 19037 19039 19041 19043 19045 19047 19049 19051 19053 19055 19057 
   10    10    10     9    10    10    10    10    11    10     4    10    10 
19059 19061 19063 19065 19067 19069 19071 19073 19075 19077 19079 19081 19083 
   10    10    10    10    10    10     3    10    10     1    10    10    10 
19085 19087 19089 19091 19093 19095 19097 19099 19101 19103 19105 19107 19109 
   10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     6    10    10    10 
19111 19113 19115 19117 19119 19121 19123 19125 19127 19129 19131 19133 19135 
   10    10     4    10    10    11    10    10    10     3    10    10    10 
19137 19139 19141 19143 19145 19147 19149 19151 19153 19155 19157 19159 19161 
   10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     6     3    10     9    10 
19163 19165 19167 19169 19171 19173 19175 19177 19179 19181 19183 19185 19187 
    6    10    10    11    10     9    10     1     4    11    10     9    10 
19189 19191 19193 19195 19197 20001 20003 20005 20007 20009 20011 20013 20015 
   10    10     4    10    10    10    10    10     1    10     3    10    11 
20017 20019 20021 20023 20025 20027 20029 20031 20033 20035 20037 20039 20041 
    1     1     3     1     9    10    10    10     1     3     3     1    10 
20043 20045 20047 20049 20051 20053 20055 20057 20059 20061 20063 20065 20067 
   10    11    10     1     6     1     9     9     3     4     1     1     9 
20069 20071 20073 20075 20077 20079 20081 20083 20085 20087 20089 20091 20093 
    9     1     3     9    10    10     9     1    10    11     1     6     9 
20095 20097 20099 20101 20103 20105 20107 20109 20111 20113 20115 20117 20119 
   10     1     3     9    11     1     3     1     6    10    10     1     1 
20121 20123 20125 20127 20129 20131 20133 20135 20137 20139 20141 20143 20145 
   11    10     3     1     9    10    10     1    10    11     1    10    10 
20147 20149 20151 20153 20155 20157 20159 20161 20163 20165 20167 20169 20171 
    1    10    10     1    10     1    10    11    10     1     1     6    10 
20173 20175 20177 20179 20181 20183 20185 20187 20189 20191 20193 20195 20197 
    6     9     6     1     9     1     1     9     9     3    10    10    10 
20199 20201 20203 20205 20207 20209 21001 21003 21005 21007 21009 21011 21013 
    1     1     9    10     1     6     3     3    11     3     3     3     3 
21015 21017 21019 21021 21023 21025 21027 21029 21031 21033 21035 21037 21039 
   11     3     6    10     3     3     3     3     3    10     5    11    10 
21041 21043 21045 21047 21049 21051 21053 21055 21057 21059 21061 21063 21065 
    2     3     3     5     3     3     3     3     3    10     3     3     3 
21067 21069 21071 21073 21075 21077 21079 21081 21083 21085 21087 21089 21091 
    6     3     3     6     4     3     3     3    10     3    10     3    10 
21093 21095 21097 21099 21101 21103 21105 21107 21109 21111 21113 21115 21117 
    5     3     3     5     3     3    10     6     3     6    11     3     6 
21119 21121 21123 21125 21127 21129 21131 21133 21135 21137 21139 21141 21143 
    3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3    10     5 
21145 21147 21149 21151 21153 21155 21157 21159 21161 21163 21165 21167 21169 
    6     3     3    11     3    10     3     3    10    11     3    11     3 
21171 21173 21175 21177 21179 21181 21183 21185 21187 21189 21191 21193 21195 
    3     3     3     3    10     3     3    11    11     3     3     3     3 
21197 21199 21201 21203 21205 21207 21209 21211 21213 21215 21217 21219 21221 
    3     3     3     3     3     3    11    11    10    11    10    10     8 
21223 21225 21227 21229 21231 21233 21235 21237 21239 22001 22003 22005 22007 
    3    10     6     5     3    10     3     3    11     5     5    11     5 
22009 22011 22013 22015 22017 22019 22021 22023 22025 22027 22029 22031 22033 
    4     5     4     5     6     5     5     1     4     5     4     5     6 
22035 22037 22039 22041 22043 22045 22047 22049 22051 22053 22055 22057 22059 
    4     5     4     4     5     5     5     5     6     5     5     5     5 
22061 22063 22065 22067 22069 22071 22073 22075 22077 22079 22081 22083 22085 
    5    11     4     4     4     7     6     5     5     5     5     4     5 
22087 22089 22091 22093 22095 22097 22099 22101 22103 22105 22107 22109 22111 
    5    11     4     8     5     4     5     8     5     5     4     5     5 
22113 22115 22117 22119 22121 22123 22125 22127 23001 23003 23005 23007 23009 
    5     5     4     5     5     9     5     5     3     4     6     1     2 
23011 23013 23015 23017 23019 23021 23023 23025 23027 23029 23031 24001 24003 
    3     2     2     4     3     4    11     4     3     4    11     3    11 
24005 24009 24011 24013 24015 24017 24019 24021 24023 24025 24027 24029 24031 
    6    11     4    11    11    11     4    11     3    11     6     4    11 
24033 24035 24037 24039 24041 24043 24045 24047 25001 25003 25005 25007 25009 
    6    11    11     4    11     4     4     4     6     3     6     2     6 
25011 25013 25015 25017 25019 25021 25023 25025 25027 26001 26003 26005 26007 
   11     4    11     6     2     6    11     6     6     3    11    10     3 
26009 26011 26013 26015 26017 26019 26021 26023 26025 26027 26029 26031 26033 
    3     3     3    11    10    11     6     3     3     3    10     3     3 
26035 26037 26039 26041 26043 26045 26047 26049 26051 26053 26055 26057 26059 
    3    11     3     3    10    11     2     6     3     3     2    10    10 
26061 26063 26065 26067 26069 26071 26073 26075 26077 26079 26081 26083 26085 
    3    10     6    10     3     3    11     3     6     3     6     1     3 
26087 26089 26091 26093 26095 26097 26099 26101 26103 26105 26107 26109 26111 
   11     2    10    11     4     2     3     3    11     3     3     3    11 
26113 26115 26117 26119 26121 26123 26125 26127 26129 26131 26133 26135 26137 
    3     3     3     3     3     3     6     3     3     3     3     8     3 
26139 26141 26143 26145 26147 26149 26151 26153 26155 26157 26159 26161 26163 
   11     3     3     4     3     3    10     3     3    10     3     6     6 
26165 27001 27003 27005 27007 27009 27011 27013 27015 27017 27019 27021 27023 
    3    10    11    10     4    10    10    10    10    10    11     4    10 
27025 27027 27029 27031 27033 27035 27037 27039 27041 27043 27045 27047 27049 
   11    11     4     7    10    10    11    10    10    10    10    10    10 
27051 27053 27055 27057 27059 27061 27063 27065 27067 27069 27071 27073 27075 
   10     6    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     9    10    10     7 
27077 27079 27081 27083 27085 27087 27089 27091 27093 27095 27097 27099 27101 
    1    10    10    10    10     4    10    10    10    10    10    10    10 
27103 27105 27107 27109 27111 27113 27115 27117 27119 27121 27123 27125 27127 
   10    10    10     6    10    10     3    10    10    10     6    10    10 
27129 27131 27133 27135 27137 27139 27141 27143 27145 27147 27149 27151 27153 
   10    10    10    10    10    11    10     1    10    10    10    10    10 
27155 27157 27159 27161 27163 27165 27167 27169 27171 27173 28001 28003 28005 
   10    10    10    10    11    10    10    10    11    10     4     5     5 
28007 28009 28011 28013 28015 28017 28019 28021 28023 28025 28027 28029 28031 
    5     5     4     5     5     5     5     4     5     4     4     5     5 
28033 28035 28037 28039 28041 28043 28045 28047 28049 28051 28053 28055 28057 
   11     5     5     5     5     8     5     5     6     4     4     4     5 
28059 28061 28063 28065 28067 28069 28071 28073 28075 28077 28079 28081 28083 
    5     5     4     4     5     5     5    11     5     5     5     6     4 
28085 28087 28089 28091 28093 28095 28097 28099 28101 28103 28105 28107 28109 
    5     5     6     4     5     5     4     5     5     5     5     9     5 
28111 28113 28115 28117 28119 28121 28123 28125 28127 28129 28131 28133 28135 
    5     4     5     5     4    11     5     4     5     5     5     4     4 
28137 28139 28141 28143 28145 28147 28149 28151 28153 28155 28157 28159 28161 
    5     5     5     4     5     5     4     4     5     5     4     8     5 
28163 29001 29003 29005 29007 29009 29011 29013 29015 29017 29019 29021 29023 
    4    10    11     1    10     5    10     5     5     3     6     6     3 
29025 29027 29029 29031 29033 29035 29037 29039 29041 29043 29045 29047 29049 
    9     3     5    10     9     3    11     3    10    11     3    11    11 
29051 29053 29055 29057 29059 29061 29063 29065 29067 29069 29071 29073 29075 
    6    10     3    10     5     9     9     3     3     4    10    10     9 
29077 29079 29081 29083 29085 29087 29089 29091 29093 29095 29097 29099 29101 
    6     9     9    10     5     1     5     3     3     6     3    11    11 
29103 29105 29107 29109 29111 29113 29115 29117 29119 29121 29123 29125 29127 
    1     8    11    10     5    11     9    10     8    10     8     5     3 
29129 29131 29133 29135 29137 29139 29141 29143 29145 29147 29149 29151 29153 
    9     3     4    10    10    10     5     4     3     5     3    10     3 
29155 29157 29159 29161 29163 29165 29167 29169 29171 29173 29175 29177 29179 
    4    10    10     3    10    11     3     5     5    10    10     3     3 
29181 29183 29185 29186 29187 29189 29195 29197 29199 29201 29203 29205 29207 
    3    11     3    10     3     6    10     1    10    10     1    10    10 
29209 29211 29213 29215 29217 29219 29221 29223 29225 29227 29229 30001 30003 
   11     9     2     3     3    11     3     3     3     9     5     2     4 
30005 30007 30009 30011 30013 30015 30017 30019 30021 30023 30025 30027 30029 
    4     8     2     1     8     9    10     9     1     2     1     2     2 
30031 30033 30035 30037 30039 30041 30043 30045 30047 30049 30051 30053 30055 
    2     5     4     5     2     9     2     1     2     2     1     2     1 
30057 30059 30061 30063 30065 30067 30069 30071 30073 30075 30077 30079 30081 
    2     2     2     2     5     2     1     1     8     1     2     1     2 
30083 30085 30087 30089 30091 30093 30095 30097 30099 30101 30103 30105 30107 
    8     4     4     2     1     6     8     2     8     9     5     1     1 
30109 30111 31001 31003 31005 31007 31009 31011 31013 31015 31017 31019 31021 
    1     6    10     1     1     1     5    10    10     1     1    10    10 
31023 31025 31027 31029 31031 31033 31035 31037 31039 31041 31043 31045 31047 
   10    11    10    10     1     1    10     5    10     1    10     1     6 
31049 31051 31053 31055 31057 31059 31061 31063 31065 31067 31069 31071 31073 
    1     1    10     6     1    10     1     1     1    10     1    10     1 
31075 31077 31079 31081 31083 31085 31087 31089 31091 31093 31095 31097 31099 
    1     1    10    10     1     1     1    10     2    10    10     9    10 
31101 31103 31105 31107 31109 31111 31113 31115 31117 31119 31121 31123 31125 
    3     1     9     1    11     3     1     1     1    10    10     1     1 
31127 31129 31131 31133 31135 31137 31139 31141 31143 31145 31147 31149 31151 
   10     1    10     1    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     1    10 
31153 31155 31157 31159 31161 31163 31165 31167 31169 31171 31173 31175 31177 
   11    10    10    10     1     1     1    11     1     1     4    10    11 
31179 31181 31183 31185 32001 32003 32005 32007 32009 32011 32013 32015 32017 
   10     1     1    10     8     8     6     8     1     1     5     8     5 
32019 32023 32027 32031 32033 33001 33003 33005 33007 33009 33011 33013 33015 
    8     8     5     8     1    11     2    11     4     2    11    11    11 
33017 33019 34001 34003 34005 34007 34009 34011 34015 34019 34021 34023 34025 
   11     3     6     6    11     6     3     4    11    11     6     6     6 
34027 34029 34031 34033 34035 34037 34039 34041 35001 35003 35005 35006 35007 
   11    11     6     4    11    11     6    11     6     2     5     5     5 
35009 35011 35013 35015 35017 35019 35021 35023 35025 35027 35029 35031 35033 
    9     5     5     8     2     5     1     5     5     5     5     5    11 
35035 35037 35039 35041 35043 35045 35047 35049 35051 35053 35055 35057 35059 
    5     4     2     9    11     5     8     2     2     5     2     5     5 
35061 36001 36003 36007 36009 36011 36013 36015 36017 36019 36021 36023 36025 
    5     6     3     6     3     3     3     3     3     3    11     3     3 
36027 36029 36031 36033 36035 36037 36039 36041 36043 36045 36049 36051 36053 
   11     6     1     4     3    10     3     1     3     3     3    11    11 
36055 36057 36059 36061 36063 36065 36067 36069 36071 36073 36075 36077 36079 
    6     3     6     6     3     3     6    11     6     3     3     3    11 
36081 36083 36085 36087 36089 36091 36093 36095 36097 36099 36101 36103 36105 
    6    11     6     6     4    11    11    11    10     3     3     6     3 
36107 36109 36111 36113 36115 36117 36119 36121 36123 37001 37003 37005 37007 
   11    11    11     6     3     3     6    10    10     5     8     8     4 
37009 37011 37013 37015 37017 37019 37021 37023 37025 37027 37029 37031 37033 
    8     5     8     4     4    11     6     8    11     8    11     8     5 
37035 37037 37039 37041 37043 37045 37047 37049 37051 37053 37055 37057 37059 
    8    11     8     8     2     8     4     8     6    11    11     3    11 
37061 37063 37065 37067 37069 37071 37073 37075 37077 37079 37081 37083 37085 
    5     6     4     6    11     8    11     8     5     5     6     4     5 
37087 37089 37091 37093 37095 37097 37099 37101 37103 37105 37107 37109 37111 
    3     8     4     5     4     8     5    11     5     5     4    11     8 
37113 37115 37117 37119 37121 37123 37125 37127 37129 37131 37133 37135 37137 
    2     8     4     6     8     8     5     4     6     4     5     6     8 
37139 37141 37143 37145 37147 37149 37151 37153 37155 37157 37159 37161 37163 
    5    11    11     8     6     5     3     4     4     8     8     8     5 
37165 37167 37169 37171 37173 37175 37177 37179 37181 37183 37185 37187 37189 
    4     8     3     8     4     2     4    11     4    11     4     4    11 
37191 37193 37195 37197 37199 38001 38003 38005 38007 38009 38011 38013 38015 
    4     8     4     8     8     6    10     4     1     1     1     1     6 
38017 38019 38021 38023 38025 38027 38029 38031 38033 38035 38037 38039 38041 
    6     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     6     1     1     1 
38043 38045 38047 38049 38051 38053 38055 38057 38059 38061 38063 38065 38067 
    1     1     1    10     1     8     1    10     3     1     1    10     1 
38069 38071 38073 38075 38077 38079 38081 38083 38085 38087 38089 38091 38093 
   10     1     1     1    10     4    10     1     3     1     6    10    10 
38095 38097 38099 38101 38103 38105 39001 39003 39005 39007 39009 39011 39013 
    1    10     1     3     1     3     3    10    10     3     3    10     3 
39015 39017 39019 39021 39023 39025 39027 39029 39031 39033 39035 39037 39039 
    3    11     3    10     4    11    10     3    10    10     6    10    10 
39041 39043 39045 39047 39049 39051 39053 39055 39057 39059 39061 39063 39065 
   11    10    11    10     6    10     3    11     6     3     6    10    10 
39067 39069 39071 39073 39075 39077 39079 39081 39083 39085 39087 39089 39091 
    3    10     3     3    10    10     3     3    10    11     3    11    10 
39093 39095 39097 39099 39101 39103 39105 39107 39109 39111 39113 39115 39117 
   11     6    10     6    10    11     3    10    10     3     6     3    11 
39119 39121 39123 39125 39127 39129 39131 39133 39135 39137 39139 39141 39143 
    3     3    10    10     3    10     3    11    10    10    10     4    10 
39145 39147 39149 39151 39153 39155 39157 39159 39161 39163 39165 39167 39169 
    4    10    10    10     6     3    10    10    10     3    11     3    10 
39171 39173 39175 40001 40003 40005 40007 40009 40011 40013 40015 40017 40019 
   10    11    10     5     5     5     9     6     5     5     5    11     5 
40021 40023 40025 40027 40029 40031 40033 40035 40037 40039 40041 40043 40045 
    5     4     9    11     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     9 
40047 40049 40051 40053 40055 40057 40059 40061 40063 40065 40067 40069 40071 
    5     5     5     5     5     9     9     5     5     5     5     5     5 
40073 40075 40077 40079 40081 40083 40085 40087 40089 40091 40093 40095 40097 
    5     4     5     5     5    11     5     5     5     5     5     5     5 
40099 40101 40103 40105 40107 40109 40111 40113 40115 40117 40119 40121 40123 
    5     5     5     5     5     6     5     5     5     5     5     5     5 
40125 40127 40129 40131 40133 40135 40137 40139 40141 40143 40145 40147 40149 
    5     5     1    11     5     5     5     9     5     6    11     5     5 
40151 40153 41001 41003 41005 41007 41009 41011 41013 41015 41017 41019 41021 
    5     5     2    11     2     2     8     8     8     2     2     8     1 
41023 41025 41027 41029 41031 41033 41035 41037 41039 41041 41043 41045 41047 
    2     8     2     8     8     8     8     8     2     2     8     8     8 
41049 41051 41053 41055 41057 41059 41061 41063 41065 41067 41069 41071 42001 
    9     6    11     9     2     8     2     2     8    11     1     8    11 
42003 42005 42007 42009 42011 42013 42015 42017 42019 42021 42023 42025 42027 
    6     3     3     3    11     3     3    11    11     3     3     3    11 
42029 42031 42033 42035 42037 42039 42041 42043 42045 42047 42049 42051 42053 
   11     3     3     3     3    10     6     6     6    10     3     3     3 
42055 42057 42059 42061 42063 42065 42067 42069 42071 42073 42075 42077 42079 
   10     3     3     3     3     3    10     6    11     3    10     6     3 
42081 42083 42085 42087 42089 42091 42093 42095 42097 42099 42101 42103 42105 
   10     3    10     3    11     6     6    11     3    11     4    11     3 
42107 42109 42111 42113 42115 42117 42119 42121 42123 42125 42127 42129 42131 
    3    10     3     1     3     3    11     3     3     3     3    10     3 
42133 44001 44003 44005 44007 44009 45001 45003 45005 45007 45009 45011 45013 
   11    11     6     6     6    11     5    11     4     5     4     4    11 
45015 45017 45019 45021 45023 45025 45027 45029 45031 45033 45035 45037 45039 
   11     8     6     8     8     8     4     4     4     4    11     5     8 
45041 45043 45045 45047 45049 45051 45053 45055 45057 45059 45061 45063 45065 
    4     4     6     5     4     5     4     5     5     8     4    11     5 
45067 45069 45071 45073 45075 45077 45079 45081 45083 45085 45087 45089 45091 
    4     4     8     8     4    11     6     5     5     8     8     4    11 
46003 46005 46007 46009 46011 46013 46015 46017 46019 46021 46023 46025 46027 
    1    10     4    10    11    10     6     4     3     1     1    10    11 
46029 46031 46033 46035 46037 46039 46041 46043 46045 46047 46049 46051 46053 
   10     4     2    10     1    10     4    10     1     2     1    10     1 
46055 46057 46059 46061 46063 46065 46067 46069 46071 46073 46075 46077 46079 
    1    10    10    10     1    10    10     1     1     1     1    10    10 
46081 46083 46085 46087 46089 46091 46093 46095 46097 46099 46101 46102 46103 
    2    11     9     1    10     9     3     4    10     6    10     3     8 
46105 46107 46109 46111 46115 46117 46119 46121 46123 46125 46127 46129 46135 
    1     1    11     4    10     1     1     4     1    10    10     1    10 
46137 47001 47003 47005 47007 47009 47011 47013 47015 47017 47019 47021 47023 
    3     3     5     3     3    11     3     3     3     3     3    11     3 
47025 47027 47029 47031 47033 47035 47037 47039 47041 47043 47045 47047 47049 
    3     3     3     3    10     3     6     3     3     3     3    11     3 
47051 47053 47055 47057 47059 47061 47063 47065 47067 47069 47071 47073 47075 
    3    10     3     3     3     3     3     6     3     4     3     3     4 
47077 47079 47081 47083 47085 47087 47089 47091 47093 47095 47097 47099 47101 
    3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3     6     4     4     3     3 
47103 47105 47107 47109 47111 47113 47115 47117 47119 47121 47123 47125 47127 
    3    11     3     3     3     6     3     3     3     3     3    11    10 
47129 47131 47133 47135 47137 47139 47141 47143 47145 47147 47149 47151 47153 
    3    10     3     3     3     3     6     3     3    11    11     3     3 
47155 47157 47159 47161 47163 47165 47167 47169 47171 47173 47175 47177 47179 
    3     6     3     3     3    11    11     3     3     3     3     3     6 
47181 47183 47185 47187 47189 48001 48003 48005 48007 48009 48011 48013 48015 
    3     5     3    11    11     5     5     5     5     5     1     5     5 
48017 48019 48021 48023 48025 48027 48029 48031 48033 48035 48037 48039 48041 
    9     5     5     8     5     6     6     2     1     5     6    11     6 
48043 48045 48047 48049 48051 48053 48055 48057 48059 48061 48063 48065 48067 
    5     1     3     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     1     5 
48069 48071 48073 48075 48077 48079 48081 48083 48085 48087 48089 48091 48093 
    9     5     5     9    11     9     5     5    11     9     5    11     5 
48095 48097 48099 48101 48103 48105 48107 48109 48111 48113 48115 48117 48119 
    5     5     5     1     5     5     9     1     9     6     9     9     5 
48121 48123 48125 48127 48129 48131 48133 48135 48137 48139 48141 48143 48145 
   11     6     9     3     5     3     5     3     1     5     5     5     5 
48147 48149 48151 48153 48155 48157 48159 48161 48163 48165 48167 48169 48171 
    5     5     5     9     1    11     5     5     3     9     6     5     2 
48173 48175 48177 48179 48181 48183 48185 48187 48189 48191 48193 48195 48197 
    5     5     5     5     5     5     5    11     9     9     5     5     5 
48199 48201 48203 48205 48207 48209 48211 48213 48215 48217 48219 48221 48223 
    5     6     5     5     5    11     1     5     5     5     9    11     5 
48225 48227 48229 48231 48233 48235 48237 48239 48241 48243 48245 48247 48249 
    5     6     5     5     3     1     5     5     5     1     6     3     3 
48251 48253 48255 48257 48259 48263 48265 48267 48269 48271 48273 48275 48277 
    5     5     5    11    11     1     8     5     1     5     5     5     6 
48279 48281 48283 48285 48287 48289 48291 48293 48295 48297 48299 48301 48303 
    9     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     9     5     5     8     6 
48305 48307 48309 48311 48313 48315 48317 48319 48321 48323 48325 48327 48329 
    9     5     5     1     5     5     9     5     5     5     5     1     6 
48331 48333 48335 48337 48339 48341 48343 48345 48347 48349 48351 48353 48355 
    5     1     5     5    11     5     5     1     5     5     5     5     6 
48357 48359 48361 48363 48365 48367 48369 48371 48373 48375 48377 48379 48381 
    9     1     3     5     5    11     9     5     5     6     5     5     6 
48383 48385 48387 48389 48391 48393 48395 48397 48399 48401 48403 48405 48407 
    5     1     4     6     5     1     5    11     5     5     5     5     5 
48409 48411 48413 48415 48417 48419 48421 48423 48425 48427 48429 48431 48433 
    5     5     5     5     1     5     9     5     5     5     5     1     1 
48435 48437 48439 48441 48443 48445 48447 48449 48451 48453 48455 48457 48459 
    5     9     6     6     1     9     1     5     6     6     5     5     5 
48461 48463 48465 48467 48469 48471 48473 48475 48477 48479 48481 48483 48485 
    5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     5     9     6 
48487 48489 48491 48493 48497 48499 48501 48503 48505 48507 49001 49003 49005 
    5     5    11    11     5     5     9     5     5     3     2     8     2 
49007 49009 49011 49013 49015 49017 49019 49021 49023 49025 49027 49029 49031 
    3     5     6     2     3     2     6     3     3     1     8    11     8 
49033 49035 49037 49039 49041 49043 49045 49047 49049 49051 49053 49055 49057 
    1     6     5     2     2     2    11     8     8     2     8     1     8 
50001 50003 50005 50007 50009 50011 50013 50015 50017 50019 50021 50023 50025 
   11     2     3     6     4    11    11     2     3     3     3     2     2 
50027 51001 51003 51005 51007 51009 51011 51015 51017 51019 51021 51023 51025 
    2     4    11     8    11     8    10     8     2    11     3    11     4 
51027 51029 51031 51033 51035 51036 51037 51041 51043 51045 51047 51049 51051 
    3     5    10    11     3     8     4     6    11     8    11     4     3 
51053 51057 51059 51061 51063 51065 51067 51069 51071 51073 51075 51077 51079 
    3     4    11    11    11    11     8    11     3    11    11     8    11 
51081 51083 51085 51087 51089 51091 51093 51095 51097 51099 51101 51103 51105 
    4     4    11     6     6     1    11    11     4    11    11    10     4 
51107 51109 51111 51113 51115 51117 51119 51121 51125 51127 51131 51133 51135 
   11    11     4    11    11     4     5    11     8    11     4     4     4 
51137 51139 51141 51143 51145 51147 51149 51153 51155 51157 51159 51161 51163 
   11     3     3     8    11     4     5    11     3    11     4    11     8 
51165 51167 51169 51171 51173 51175 51177 51179 51181 51183 51185 51187 51191 
    8     3     3     3     3     3    11    11     4     4     8    11     3 
51193 51195 51197 51199 51550 51800 51810 53001 53003 53005 53007 53009 53011 
    4     3     3    11    11     6    11     9     8     9     2     8     8 
53013 53015 53017 53019 53021 53023 53025 53027 53029 53031 53033 53035 53037 
    8     8     9     8     9     1     8     8    11     2     2    11     2 
53039 53041 53043 53045 53047 53049 53051 53053 53055 53057 53059 53061 53063 
    8     8     9     8     2     8     2     8     2     8     2     8     8 
53065 53067 53069 53071 53073 53075 53077 54001 54003 54007 54009 54011 54013 
    8    11     8     9     2     9     8     3    11     3     3     6     3 
54015 54017 54019 54021 54023 54025 54027 54029 54031 54033 54035 54037 54039 
    3     3     3     5     3     3     5     3     5     3     3    11     6 
54041 54043 54047 54049 54051 54053 54055 54057 54061 54063 54065 54067 54069 
    3     3     3     3     3     3     3     3     6     3    11     3     6 
54071 54073 54075 54077 54079 54081 54083 54085 54087 54089 54091 54093 54095 
    5     3     2     3    11     3     3     3     3     3     3     2     3 
54097 54099 54101 54103 54105 54107 54109 55001 55003 55005 55007 55009 55011 
    3     3     3     3     3     3     3     4     8    10     2    10    10 
55013 55015 55017 55019 55021 55023 55025 55027 55029 55031 55033 55035 55037 
   10    11    10    10    10    10     6    10    10    10    10    10    11 
55039 55041 55043 55045 55047 55049 55051 55053 55055 55057 55059 55061 55063 
   10     8    10    10    10    10    10     8    10    10     8    10    10 
55065 55067 55069 55071 55073 55075 55077 55081 55083 55085 55087 55089 55091 
   10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     8    10    10    11    10 
55093 55095 55097 55099 55101 55103 55105 55107 55109 55111 55113 55115 55117 
   11    10    10    10     8    10    10    10    11    10    10    10    10 
55119 55121 55123 55125 55127 55129 55131 55133 55135 55137 55139 55141 56001 
   10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10    10     8 
56003 56005 56007 56009 56011 56013 56015 56017 56019 56021 56023 56025 56027 
    8     8     8     8     8     8     8     1     8     8     8     8     8 
56029 56031 56033 56035 56037 56039 56041 56043 56045 
    2     8     8     8     8     2     8     8     8 

Within cluster sum of squares by cluster:
 [1] 3611.7050 1999.5181 1673.4469 1674.9577 2086.3707 2058.9268  141.6245
 [8] 1553.6762  501.3380 1729.5748 1610.2296
 (between_SS / total_SS =  38.6 %)

Available components:

[1] "cluster"      "centers"      "totss"        "withinss"     "tot.withinss"
[6] "betweenss"    "size"         "iter"         "ifault"      

Cluster exploration

NULL

Dimension reduction

Use principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality of datasets and retain only most important information.

Regression

Footnotes

  1. https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/lamp. Accessed April 20, 2024↩︎

  2. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/MSDUSDAAMSGrantApplicantTASociallyDisadvantaged.pdf↩︎

  3. https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/lamp↩︎

  4. Flora, Cornelia Butler, Jan L. Flora, and Stephen P. Gasteyer. Rural Communities: Legacy and Change. 4th ed. Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494697.↩︎

  5. Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Matthew P. Rabbitt, Christian A. Gregory, and Anita Singh. 2021. Household Food Security in the United States in 2020, ERR-298, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.↩︎

  6. Pothukuchi, Kameshwari, and Jerome L. Kaufman. “The Food System: A Stranger to the Planning Field.” Journal of the American Planning Association 66, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360008976093.↩︎